The Representation of Women in Heart of Darkness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 711 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Heart of Darkness Essay Did you like this example? In the novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad the main character, Marlow encounters women when most needed in the book. When meeting other imperialists, such as Kurtz, who only cares about himself and his riches, Marlow gains hope as to become like these men, well respected explorers and imperialists. One early critic of the novel, Edward Garnett, wrote in his review that [Heart of Darkness] is simply a Women are viewed by Marlow as ignorant little creatures above the press of imperialism†completely innocent, but entirely unaware. Heart of Darkness makes readers aware of the perceptions of women in the late 1800s, early 1900s. The main descriptions are that women are naive and should be kept that way, purely sexual objects, or rich by their husbands. The naive one is Kurtz intended. While she is only in a relatively small amount of the book, she is portrayed as naive and Marlow feels the need to keep her that way. He does this as if to protect her. We dont even know enough about this character to understand Marlowrs decision to lie to her is even necessary or not. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Representation of Women in Heart of Darkness" essay for you Create order The women who is personified as the sex object is none other than Kurtz mistress. She is beautiful and is covered in ivory, making her seem powerful and mysterious. Her entire purpose as a character in the book is to show how Kurtz is unable to control his lusts. The fact that he has a mistress and an intended shows that Kurtz thinks the intended is naive enough to think hell wait for her until he gets back. The mistress does not speak even furthering the point that she is used as an object and not a human being. She also seems to have a kind of control over men since she is so powerful and alluring. Marlowrs aunt is rich and widowed, meaning that her husband probably left her with a lot of money. She seems to have nothing useful to do with her money and she believes very heavily in imperialism. She thinks the world would be better for it, making her naive. She also is the one who gets Marlow the job, making her powerful. With these descriptions, she seems to be a combination of the two other females previously talked about in this book. None of the women in this book have names. All they have is their association to the male characters in the book. The only importance women seem to have is to further the plot or characterization for the men. Africa is written as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into which the wandering European enters at his peril (Achebe). Conrad brings together the idea of savages in Africa and the general women together. By doing this Conrad addresses the two victims of imperialistic, white, male power. Marlow brings the two victims of imperialism together in one, brief observation of Mr. Kurtzrs foreign mistress. Conradrs concise description of an Amazonian woman on page 56 is as follows: She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent; there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progress Her long shadow fell to the waterrs edge. Her face had a tragic and fierce aspect of wild sorrow and of dumb pain mingled with the fear of some struggling, half-shaped resolve. She stood looking at us without a stir, and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose Women and the savages are brought together under one umbrella of mingled patronization and awe. In this respect, Marlowrs view of women is the perfect oxymoron (Sedlak). Marlowrs tone concerning women and the Amazon is reverent, but belittling. These two groups of people are sub-human to Marlow in that he considers them of a lesser intellect and lesser value. Heart of Darkness, while a classic, reveals itself to have themes about women that make them out to be, naive, a object used for sex, and wealthy due to men. These statements are inaccurate now, but reflected the time period in which Conrad wrote and how they perceived women. Everybody in the book is flawed, how could we expect anything else but flawed women?

Fracking and Drilling Letter - 660 Words

Fracking or hydraulic fracturing is the process of drilling over a mile underground to extract natural gas from shale rock deep below Earths surface. The vertical well then turns ninety degrees horizontally to trap natural gas. Fracking makes it possible to produce natural gas from shale that were once unreachable. Horizontal drilling and vertical drilling allows fracking fluids (A mix of water, sand, and various chemicals) to insert shale area. This creates new channels in the rock and natural gas is extracted. This drilling process can take up to a month. After the drilling process is over, the well is cased with cement to keep the groundwater protected. Fracking can create over 204,500 jobs within just four years and billions of dollars. Fracking is great economically, but it also has its downsides. Crime rate has increased 16.1 percent in violent crime and a 10.3 percent in property crime statewide in 2010-2011. The increase in crime has been driven, in part, by higher crime rate s in the state’s western counties where the shale oil fracking is occurring. In 2009, fracking started in Ohio. From 2009 to 2010, fracking wells increased. Earthquakes in that same area increased 125 percent as well. In 2012 the earthquakes decreased because there was no more drilling in the area. One small farm in Bradford county was offered $100 per acre from an oil company to frack on their land. Little did they know that the fracking could cause damage, so they signed the lease. When theyShow MoreRelatedThe Need to Stop Fracking616 Words   |  3 Pagesfracking is the process of getting natural gas from from shale rock deep into the ground. to get the natural gas we have to use a thing called horizontal drilling, horizontal drilling allows us to go deep into the ground and injected high pressure fracking fluids into the shale area and when they have the cracks in the ground for the oil to go through and they put sand to hold open the cracks and keep them open this is th e process of fracking. Tell the recipient of your letter why you chose to shareRead MoreHow Does Oil Affect Our Lives Depend On Oil1689 Words   |  7 PagesInterior of which Fall had oversight and authority. Before these happenings oil companies already had their eyes on the reserves. They drilled oil wells around the same area and even ciphered from the same oil deposits underground via directional drilling. Only a few months later that same year Fall set up secret business arrangements which leased the mineral rights at Teapot Dome to Harry F. Sinclair who was owner of Sinclair Oil Corporation and Mammoth Oil. Fall also leased another Navy reserveRead MoreFracking Hydraulic Fracturing601 Words   |  2 Pagesquarter are grade has been studying what is fracking Hydraulic fracturing is the process of drilling down vertically to get natural gas from shale rock layers deep within the earth. Fracking produces natural gas extraction. Recent advancements for the drilling technolog y have led to new manmade fractures in shale plays that were once not available for exploration.(What is fracking online). I think fracking is not safe because in the areas where Fracking is taking place, it is causing crimes whichRead MoreFracking : Present Issues Today s Operational And Global Economy1367 Words   |  6 PagesMirelly Robalino Professor White Analytical Reading and Writing March 28, 2017 Fracking: Present Issues In today’s operational and global economy, energy is considered one the most sought out and fundamental commodities. While an individual’s environmental role plays a vital role in their overall health; there are more specific geographic areas having instrumental actions that take part in shaping an individuals’ health. Where and who the supplies come from as well as the amount of production oftenRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing Research Paper1756 Words   |  8 PagesYork State and down the East Coast (Hydro-Fracking pg.1). To get at this abundance of gas underground, hydraulic fracturing was invented, but this new method of gas extraction safe for the environment and for the people around it? Numerous reports have been given on the dangerous affects of hydraulic fracturing. One such affect that has been noticed is that drinking water wells near the fracturing sites have been contaminated. During the hydro-fracking process, injected fluids that help to breakRead More The Federal Government Should Regulate Fracking Essay3255 Words   |  14 Pageshydraulic fracking in several areas of the U.S. Previous epidemiologic research have indicated problems with endocrine disruption of exposed individuals living in geographic proximity to fracking. This is a serious health concern for these people, and it can ultimately put them at a health disadvantage due to their environment. A working knowledge of hydraulic fracking is imperative towards understanding the mechanism behind endocrine disruption in the exposed populations. Hydraulic fracking or hydrofrackingRead MoreFracking4932 Words   |  20 Pagesreliance on non-renewable natural resources to sustainable forms of renewable energy such as wind and solar power. The economic benefits of extracting shale gas with hydraulic fracturing are compelling. However, the environmental costs of the drilling are being heavily debated. The decisions made in the next few years by energy companies, state governments, the federal government and consumers will be critical for determining whether the U.S. will achieve its long term energy goals. CharlesRead MoreIs Fracking A Natural Gas?2865 Words   |  12 Pagesfracturing and horizontal drilling lead to a revolution of natural gas and oil, brining about the dynamic job opportunities and economic growth which affects other industries apart from natural gas and oil field. As a superpower of energy, the United States can make good use of its rich resources with the correct policies and build a bright future for Americans and reduce energy-caused risks globally (Mark Green, 2014). 1.1 Environmental aspect As fracking is a good process of drilling natural gas, thereRead MoreThe Natural Gas Production Of The United States Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmost active drillers on Marcellus Shale to date. This horizontal drilling method was a groundbreaking innovation and a win-win for the company. Horizontal drilling means more gas is released with less wells drilled. In 2009, Range Resources once again led the field in innovation by finding a way to recycle 100 percent of the water it used in the drilling process. In 2010, they became the first company to voluntarily disclose the fracking fluid additives on a per well basis. Of which they disclosed thatRead MoreTaking a Look at Fracking2174 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Fracking Have you ever thought about what it took to get the goods you own from the manufacturer home? It may seem hard to believe, but â€Å"96% of the manufactured goods we use every day contain products that were made possible with natural gas feedstock† (energyfromshale.org). Aside from my third period global teacher lecturing for a living, he makes great amount of money fracking. At first glance the word may be misread or even start a few chuckles here or there. Fracking has huge potential

Content Management System Free Essays

The Problem: It’s Background A Content Management System (CMS) Is a computer program that allows publishing, editing and modifying content as well as maintenance from a central interface. One of the examples of Content Management System (CMS) is â€Å"blogging†. Blogging Is the act of posting content on d blog or posting comments on someone else’s blog. We will write a custom essay sample on Content Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blogging is very popular today because it allows people to interact with each other. Blogging has also become a popular Search Engine Optimization (SEO) tool because search engines Ilke Google and Yahoo know that a blog Is frequently pdated with content or visitor comments, so their spiders visit blogs frequently looking for new content to include in their index. Additionally, blog content can be delivered automatically via electronic RSS (Really Simple syndication) data feeds. Visitors subscribe to a blog’s feeds in order to stay up to date with content that’s being posted on subjects that interest them. Blog feeds are then read by what’s known as blog teed reader software, widely available for tree, so users can scan tor recent blog posts of interest on the blogs to which they subscribe. The purpose of his project proposal was to develop and Implementa CMS. This CMS will help us to inform easily the daily activities ot one person, the incoming events, news and some related topics. CMS will provide two users: The administrator and the user. Both administrator and user can post an article to that CMS, can also comment to some article that the other user posted, can also upload and download files. Manually posting the events or announcing is some problem encountered by those people who cant relate to those topics. Since the manual posting of event and announcing is always committing ontroversies after the process and some of us wants’ to suggest about on what we want to see or happen on that event . So the researchers came up with an Idea of developing an Content Management System. This is very useful to everyone especially to those busy people. They can browse the announcement anytime, everywhere with the use of Internet. A software application used to upload, edit, and manage content displayed on a website. A content management system can perform a variety of different tasks for a website including regulating when content is isplayed, how many times the content Is shown to a speclflc user, and managing how the content connects or interacts with other elements of the website. The idea behind developing a Content Management System was to Improve the public communication ot people and to give Ideas, sharing knowledge, suggestion and the freedom to express their thoughts. Statement ot Objectives In general, the main objective of the project was to develop a Content Management System. SpeclTlcally, tnls study almea to: 1 . Design a system that will easily provide accurate information of articles to the ser. 2. Decrease the time spent for manually posting information. 3. Decrease the space in managing articles and money consumed for manual posting of articles. 4. Version and control over the documents and the contents – reused or not. Significance of the study The developed Content Management System hopes to make contribute to the following: User – It is beneficial to the user by using the system and through this study it proves that the technology has a great effect to have an easy way of living. Administrator – It is easier for the Admin to post announcements, events nd related information. It gives less effort to communicate. Researcher – Found the findings useful as it served as basis in their future similar studies and this study provided them some insights and encouragement to do better systems that will contribute to their institution. Future Researcher – This study can contribute to them as their basis and reference in constructing similar study. Scope and Delimitation The system focused on the development a Content Management System. It provides accurate information to all users and satisfies the needs of the user. The system rovides a user-friendly environment and greater consistency and accuracy. The system entitled â€Å"Content Management System† can be use to everyone. In this CMS, the user can choose categories, create her/his own article and she/he can post it. By posting the article, the other user can view/read the posted article. They can comments on that article, say what they want, give compliments, ECT. This project proposal includes uploading and downloading files. The limitation of the system is that, the categories are fixed. The user is required to choose categories so that they an create article and it will be post on the categories they choose. And only the Admin can manage to edit or delete the posted topic. Definition of terms To ensure better understanding on the parts of the readers, the standard and operational definition of terms in this study is hereby given: Accuracy – The quality of being near to the true value. Article – A piece or section that is part of a larger written work such as a magazine or a document. Blog – is a website consisting of post appearing with the most recent entry appearing first Blogging – The process of writing a blog, an online Journal in hich you share your thoughts about a particular subject with readers Categories – Provide a helpful way to group related posts together, and to quickly tell readers what a post is about. Comments – A statement of fact or opinion, especially a remark that expresses a personal reaction or attitude CMS (Content Management System) – A web based database that can be accessed by computes Database – A collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updatea a- Inls Is tne process In wnlcn data Is sent to t your computer. Files – Is an entity of data available to system users (including the system itself and its application programs) that is capable of being manipulated as an entity (for example, moved from one file directory to another Robustness – In the context of computer software, robustness is the resilience of the system, especially when under stress or when confronted with invalid input. System – A collection methods, procedures or techniques united by regular interaction to form an organized whole. Uploading – This is the process of sending information to another computer. How to cite Content Management System, Papers

A Case of Digital Gaming Revolution

Questions: Tasks: The digital gaming revolution has given birth to a multitude of consoles and their various genres of game play from fitness to fighting, from brain training to brain draining. As we approach the peak selling season many new games are being launched at their relevant targets. For the management accountants of the many companies involved the pricing and costing of these products is a perpetual nightmare. You as a management accountant are to prepare a paper to present at a computer games conference. This paper should critically evaluate in detail the following: 1. How would the following techniques be applied in the industry? a) Life cycle costing b) Target costing 2. The market based pricing strategies that should be considered for the launch of any new computer game/ console and recommend the strategy to be chosen for your organisation. (Playstation 3) 3. Each stage in the life cycle of a particular game/ console and the issues that your management team will need to consider a t each stage. (production - limited stock, how much we need to make?, material availability, Sales - how much can we sell? Cost and Sale price need to balance, Managers - manageable, workers to complete the job) 4. Other information that you consider will set your paper apart from the competitors. Answer: 1. Application of financial costing techniques in gaming industry a) Life cycle costing This managerial costing technique determines the cost of the product based on the overall life of the product starting from the procurement cost to the manufacturing costs (Adler, 2011). Since the gaming industry is largely dominated by fast selling innovative products hence the companies can effectively use the life cycle costing to determine the production costs and revenue of the video games at each stage of the product life cycle. The industry life cycle of the gaming industry shows that the three major video game companies namely Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo are all in the mature phase of the Industry life cycle. The developed countries are experiencing maturity in terms of hardware and software developments in the gaming industry (Loughran, 2012). Figure 1: Industry life cycle of Gaming industry (Source:T anner, Davis and Davis, 2011, pp-56) Since gaming industry is in the maturity stage of the product life cycle hence the management of the companies can effectively use the following stages of life cycle costing : Make an account for resources used in the past stages and identify the costs of the resources (Jin, 2010) Take decisions on improvement of product designs to retain the target market Identify costs for effective after sale services Assessment of renewal costs to prevent the products from moving on to declining phase of the PLC. b) Target costing Hall(2010) opined that target costing is the approach that helps the companies to reduce the cost at the introduction stage of the new product development by integrating costs of product design, product price, expected profit and product cost (Hwang, 2010). As per reports of Mintel, Sony computer Entertainment and many other Japanese companies are adopting target costing in order to control gaming costs over the product life cycle. The gaming industry can tactfully adopt the target costing procedure in order to increase sales by reducing costs. Step 1: Product design and price Step 2: Determination of desired profit Step 3: Target cost (Step 1- Step 2) Step 4: Engineer the product to achieve the desired cost (Refer to appendix 1) The Bloomberg report shows that by adopting Target costing in the year 2013 Microsoft has been able to increase its sale of Xbox One more than Sonys Play station 4. As an additional feature, the company introduced additional features like multilayer interface, Blue ray players and subscription game networks. (Refer to appendix 2) 2. Analysis of market based pricing strategies for launch of new computer game The gaming industry initially considers the Life cycle costing for the launch of any new video game in the market. When a new game console is introduced, in the introduction stage the marketer adopts premium-pricing strategy (Corbeil, 2012). The companies in this stage sets high price for the product so that the exclusiveness of the product can be expressed to the customers. For instance, Sony adopted a premium pricing strategy at the launch of Play station 4 in 2013 and priced the new generation video game at around 349. Similarly, Microsoft launched its Xbox One at around 429 premium price. This strategy attracts the customers because the customers want to be the first purchasers of the innovated products. This drives the sales of the video games in the introduction stage of the life cycle (Hilary and Hsu, 2011). With the increase in the demand for the product the video games thus launched reaches the growth stage. Being a technological product, the demand decreases with the passage of time. Hence, in this stage the gaming companies use the price skimming strategy. Sony and Microsoft use this strategy to set premium price in the initial stage and gradually lower the price to make the game versions available to a wider target market. The use of the price skimming strategy by Sony in case of Play station 3 in the Asian markets has helped the company to acquire 65% of the market share of the Asian countries (Dormans, 2011). In this stage to maintain the product demand, the companies also offer captive deals. These deals include purchasing of accessory items along with the game software of the same company in order to play the game. For instance to play Halo the customer needs to purchase Microsofts Xbox 360. In the maturity stage, the price skimming strategy is maintained but since the target, market becomes stagnant hence to initiate sales the gaming companies uses bundle pricing strategies. Here the companies offer a bundle of products like Sony offering additional controllers, remote controls and additional game discs along with Play station 3 (Maksoud, 2011). This deal is profitable for the customer because if these accessories are purchased separately then the customer will incur high expenses compared to the low bundled price offered by Sony. Hence, this initiates sales. High technological changes, changes in customers demands and preferences and introduction of new range of games forces all versions of video games to move to the declining stage of the product life cycle (Miller and Washington, 2012). In this stage, the companys major focus is on reducing the price to the lowest possible amount. Here the companies adopt economy-pricing strategies. This strategy enables the companies to attract the specific target customers who are budget sensitive and were waiting for the price reduction in order to make purchase. In this stage, the company should not invest in improving the existing game version rather should invest on introduction of a new version. For instance, Sony adopted an economy- pricing strategy in case of Play station 3 and launched Play station 4 by adopting premium-pricing strategy. This helped Sony to gain profit from the sale of both the Play stations simultaneously (Wesley and Barczak, 2010). Figure 2: Pricing strategies adopted by Video gaming companies at various stages of product life cycle of video games (Source: Tulloch, 2010, pp-96) 2.1 Recommendation of strategy for Play station 3 Sonys Play station 3 that was introduced in 2006 was launched at a premium price of 599. However, the introduction of the Play Station 4 in 2013 indicates that Play station 3 is in its declining stage of PLC (Merchant and Zambon, 2010). From the launch to the declining stage the company adopted the different pricing strategies and with the adoption of price skimming continued to lower the price if the Play station by 20% every year (Ensslin, 2011). For Sony to increase the sale of Play Station 3 in Asian market the company needs to adopt the economy pricing strategy. Suppose if the launch price of the Play station was = 400 and a 20% reduction is experienced each year with the movement of the PLC then the product will be priced as follows: Year 1 (2007): 400 Year 2 (2008): 320 Year 3 (2009): 256 Year 4 (2010): 205 Year 5 (2011): 123 Year 6 (2012): 98.40 Year 7 (2013): 78.72 Figure 3: Prices of video games in different stages of PLC (Source: created by author) 3. Each stage in life cycle of a game and issues related to the stages As per Forbes, analysis majority of the video games generates 85% of the total sales in the first year of launch. After the first year, the games are replaced by the updates versions (Refer to appendix 3). However, the companies face various issues in the various stages of the life cycle. Although the sales decrease in the growth and maturity stage however the companies do not discard the product hence they are involved in different issues. The issues are as follows: Production issues: At the introduction stage, the companies face difficulty in forecasting of the customer demand and hence are not able to make production capacity details. At the growth and the maturity stage the initial demand has been confirmed and hence the just in time approach is followed by the companies to maintain production capacity (Roehl-Anderson, Bragg and Willson, 2005). Resources issue: The digital technologies, CDs, DVDs, and blue ray discs, the use of extensive technologies makes the production of video games costly. The basic manufacturing processes like creation of game records and game formats also are costly hence the companies face cost reduction issues in terms of video games production in each stage of PLC (Hilton, 2005). Sale forecast: It is difficult for the companies to forecast the actual sales statistics in the maturity and declining stage of the video game (Merchant, 2011). Hence, this in turn makes it difficult for the company to plan the production forecast in these two stages. Pricing strategy: The companies have to keep on reducing the prices and adopt different pricing strategies in the different product life cycle stages. For this constant monitoring of the external market is necessary to track the technological changes in the product. Labor issues: The success and invention of a game depends on the thought and innovation of the human effort. Hence, the labor and the human force are the primary backbone of the companies. In the maturity and growth, stages the companies have to incur high labor charges since they try to innovate and make technological changes in the product features to suit the needs to the market (Zagal and Mateas, 2010). 4. Additional information on Video gaming industry As per the reports of Forbes the video gaming industry target market comprises of three types of customers among which 40% are female and 60% are male. Under 18 years 25% 18 to 39 years 49% 40 and above 26% UK records for around 1902 active game companies alone and the 3 major companies regulating this industry are Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo. However, the introduction of Smartphone apps has contributed to the development of gaming industry. Thousands of games making hubs are found in different parts of UK. (Refer to appendix 4). The video games industry has flourished in the present social status and the customers generally prefer purchasing the games in the initial introductory stages (McCoy, 2010). However, the growth of the industry is still stagnant in the developing countries and hence the companies can market the products in the developing and Asian countries with economy pricing strategy to generate sales from the declining stage of the products. With the growth of the mobile devices like smart phones and tablets, entertainment value of the video games will further increase in the future years (Shan and An, 2010). Reference list Adler, R. (2011).Management accounting. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Corbeil, P. (2012). Book review: Stretching Video Games.Simulation Gaming, 43(2), pp.286-288. Dormans, J. (2011). Beyond Iconic Simulation.Simulation Gaming. Ensslin, A. (2011). Do avatars dream of electric steak? Video games and the gendered semiotics of food.journal of gaming virtual worlds, 3(1), pp.37-50. Hall, M. (2010). Accounting information and managerial work.Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(3), pp.301-315. Hilary, G. and Hsu, C. (2011). Endogenous overconfidence in managerial forecasts.Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(3), pp.300-313. Hilton, R. (2005).Managerial accounting. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hwang, S. (2010).Advanced management accounting. Singapore: Pearson Custom Pub. Jin, D. (2010).Korea's online gaming empire. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Loughran, M. (2012).Intermediate accounting for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Maksoud, A. (2011). Management accounting practices and managerial techniques and practices in manufacturing firms: Egyptian evidence.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 3(3), p.237. McCoy, L. (2010).Video Games. New York: Infobase Pub. Merchant, K. (2011). Malea Fashion District: A New Way to Learn Managerial Accounting Antonio Davila and Daniel Oyon.European Accounting Review, 20(1), pp.190-192. Merchant, K. and Zambon, S. (2010). Malea Fashion District: A New Way to Learn Managerial Accounting.European Accounting Review, 19(4), pp.860-862. Miller, R. and Washington, K. (2012).Casinos, gaming wagering 2012. Loganville, GA: Richard K. Miller Associates. Roehl-Anderson, J., Bragg, S. and Willson, J. (2005).Controllership, the work of the managerial accountant. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Shan, L. and An, J. (2010). Gaming of Strategy--Strategic Realignment of Chinese Dairy Industry.International Business Research, 3(3). Tanner, D., Davis, C. and Davis, E. (2011).Study guide to accompany Managerial accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Tulloch, R. (2010). A man chooses, a slave obeys: agency, interactivity and freedom in video gaming.journal of gaming virtual worlds, 2(1), pp.27-38. Wesley, D. and Barczak, G. (2010).Innovation and marketing in the video game industry. Farnham [Surrey, England]: Gower. Zackariasson, P. and Wilson, T. (2012).The video game industry. New York: Routledge. Zagal, J. and Mateas, M. (2010). Time in Video Games: A Survey and Analysis.Simulation Gaming, 41(6), pp.844-868.