Conflicting Directions Of Ambitions in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: essays research papers

Often in novels, a character faces conflicting directions of ambitions, desires, and influences. In such a novel, like &8220The Awakening, the main character, Edna Pontellier, faces these types of conflicting ideas. In a controversial era for women, Edna faces the conflict of living in oppression but desiring freedom. The patriarchal time period has influenced women to receive only under the conserve&8217s thumb but at the same time, break away from such repression. These opposing conflicts illuminated the meaning of &8220social awakening in the novel.In the front direction, the reader witnesses the era when women only existed to make the male happy. The main character Edna finds that she has nothing to do former(a) than stay in the house bored, since even her children ar raised and cared for by servants. Day after day, all Edna is permitted to do is care for her husband and be there whenever he needs help or entertainment. womanhood at that time could not vote, could not go ou t without a male escort, were not allowed to smoke in public, and were not allowed in the work place. These ideals set up by the male driven society caused Edna to face her second trend of free will, conflicting with her other direction of oppression.When Edna felt dissatisfied with the life she is given, she pursues other ways in which to live more fully. She attempts painting and enters into an affair with another man. As her desire for freedom grows, she moves out of her husband&8217s house and tries to live life as she sees fit. She lives a life reflecting her new philosophies towards life, philosophies that are in conflict with that of society. The oppression by man caused Edna to have a social awakening, instructive the meaning of the novel.In &8220The Awakening, the conflicting directions of oppression versus free will illuminate the meanings of social awakening and overcoming tyranny. Awakening from the slumber of patriarchal social convention, Edna must can herself from the life of dullness she has always lived.

Steinbecks Red Chrysanthemums East of Edens Grapes Essay -- Literary

Every great writer creates powerful images and presents story lines that draw their readers deep into the pages of their books, however whatever writer would be hard pressed to do so without incorporating their own feelings, trials and tribulations into the plots and John Steinbeck is no exception. Through his appreciation for adventure and willingness to indulge in it, Steinbeck found a myriad of fascinating people in addition to experiences that he was eager to share. Past various negative criticisms and frequent rejections of his work, he manages to provide relatable characters qualified of deep connections to those who enter into the realms of his tales. John Steinbecks early life experiences influenced his portrayals of women, his love of the land, and his intimate connection to the plight of lower social classes, themes which translate into his work. Initially insecure from bedevil in his youth, Steinbecks delayed sexual progression produced a need for female validation a theme which presented itself as the characterization of women as sexual objects, peculiarly prostitutes, in his narratives. Jay Parini, author of John Steinbeck A Biography, points out that Steinbeck endured nicknames such as little squirrel, muskrat and mouse from his own family relating to his physical features, which created in him a great propensity for shyness. Physical maturity that lagged behind his schoolmates added to his isolation from his peers, especially women (Parini 17). His friend George Mors disclosed that Steinbeck spent much of his time with a stack of pulp novels and girlie magazines demonstrating his desire for sexual stimulation yet insufficient resolve to seek it out (Parini 26). Steinbeck overcame his apprehension after happ... ...ings of the people he met along his way. While nearly of his works have been praised for their greatness and other discarded as junk, Steinbeck satisfied his need to write and in doing so shared some fantastic stories with the world. plant life CitedParini, Jay. John Steinbeck. New York Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1995. 9,12,13,17,25,26,38. Print.Beyond Boundries. Tuscaloosa The University of Alabama Press, 2002. 15,57,74. Print.John Steinbeck . Chelsea House Publishers, a division of Main Line Book Co., 1987. 92. Print.Readings on John Steinbeck. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 15. Print.Moss, Joyce, and George Wilson. Overview The cherry Pony(1997) n.pag. Library Resource. Web. 9 May 2012.Shillinglaw, Susan. The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies. John Steinbeck, American Writer n.pag. Web. 9 May 2012.

Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

It is known that in literature, a tragedy is one of the most popular genres. It al bureaus combines some tale which discusses human sufferings with a certain sense of audience fulfillment. The roots of the tragedy are related to ancient Greece. A Greek tragedy is a hapless story, which represents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and oftentimes it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Millers play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary take a crap has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such(prenominal) traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to the finish to commit suicide because of serious financial problems of his family (Phelps 79). T his play has already been criticized by a number of literary critics who represented different opinions on the plot of the book. The study goal of this paper is to critically evaluate the play Death of a Salesman written by the well-known American writer Arthur Miller, paying special perplexity to the plays characteristics of a tragedy.In the play Death of a Salesman, the author investigates human nature and represents his main character as a soulfulness whose dissatisfaction with his own life leads to his tragic end. The plot of this literary work is rather simple. The play consists of two acts. In the first act, Willy Loman, the main character of Millers play returns home from New York. It is found that his goal was to travel to Boston, but he could not achieve this goal and returned home. The author of the play states that Willys person-to-person dissatisfaction is the result of the tension in interpersonal relations between him, his wife Linda, and their two sons Biff and Ha ppy. The first act of the play is focused on such issues as Willy Lomans emotional instability because of his personal dissatisfaction, Biffs frustration and the familys financial problems. Moreover, the author represents his story is such a way that Willys emotional instability leads to the tension in relationships between Willy and Biff, who is also unhappy because of his professional failure. Willy says The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it Walked into a hobo camp and comes out, the age of twenty-one, and hes rich (Miller 31).

The Themes in Oedipus Rex Essays -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Themes in Oedipus Rex Sophocles tragedy, Oedipus Rex, contains one main theme, which this essay will consider. The theme is the general doctrine or article of belief implicit in the drama, which the author seeks to make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170). In Sophocles Moral Themes Robert D. Murray Jr. cites a critic who is strictly moralist in the recital of the theme of Oedipus Rex Let C. M. Bowra speak for the moralists The central idea of a Sophoclean tragedy is that through suffering a man learns to be modest before the gods. . . . When the characters atomic number 18 lastly forced to see the truth, we know that the gods have prevailed and that men must accept their own insignificance. In short, for Bowra, the essence of each play of Sophocles is a mental object urging humility and piety (45). Van Nortwick, seemingly in support of Bowra, describes Oedipus tragic flaw as something equivalent to the lack of modesty before the gods which Bowra refers to As rule r, he is a breed to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his children. We see already the supreme self-confidence and exempt of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other peoples children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is. But beyond even this there is, in the sretched posture of the citizens, the hint of prostration before a deity. We are clinging to your altars, says the priest. . . . That he also exudes a godlike mastery in the eyes of his subjects only strengthens the heroic portrait. . . .(21-22). The godlike mastery to which Van Nortwick refers is the same mastery which Creon in his final lines designates as the cause of the... ...of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. OBrien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Jevons, Frank B. In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate. In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1997. Murray, Robert D. Jr. Sophocles Moral Th emes. In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1997. Sophocles In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi Van Nortwick, Thomas. Oedipus The Meaning of a manlike Life. Norman, OK University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

The Teacher Who Changed My Life Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

    The truism To teach is to touch a life forever is cardinal that in all of us have heard, but very few can identify with.  Almost every student has had at least unrivalled teacher who he or she despises, or one who has left his or her positive impression upon the student.  In my case, it was Mrs. Rudra, my sixth-grade homeroom and English teacher.       Remember those first days of a newfangled nurture year?  You dont know who your teacher is going to be, or which of your friends youll get to have in that class?  It was just such a day for me.  Our discipline had a new teacher who had transferred from a military school.  Her husband had retired from the Army, and they had moved into our town.  It was perfect for them.  The town I grew up in was known as the tend City of India, and it also had the sobriquet Pensioners Paradise.  Since Mrs. Rudra was still a few years from retirement, she filled a va cancy at the best girls school in town.  The school could do with a teacher of her background.  Discipline, especially of the military kind, can come in handy when dealing with twelve-year-olds.       The buzz about this Drill Sergeant wasnt the best. kindred a case of Chinese Whispers, the grapevine swung into action. Do you know she smokes? said one. Have you heard shes one for detention? said another.  I hope Im not in her class, stated another.  As we were all sending our silent prayers to the one above, the class lists were posted.  A mad clamor ensued to find out where each one of us was headed.  A sense of dread had taken hold of me.  I was not particularly lucky w... ...rment.  My grades improved remarkably.  For my second term, I was elected variance Monitor.  Other teachers also commented on how much I had changed-for better or worse, they did not say.       When the school year came to an end, I was disappointed.  Here I was, totally transformed, all due to the effort of one person.  Academically, I was confident of my abilities.  Socially, I was self-assured.  The following years, whenever she passed me in the hallways, always erect in her posture, and strident in her gait, Mrs. Rudra would flash her nicotine-tainted grin at me.  The most I could do was to return what I hope was an ever-grateful look, and then wonder who elses life was going to be touched by this teacher.  I do suppose that To teach is to touch a life forever, so the truism goes.

The Teacher Who Changed My Life Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

    The truism To teach is to shadow a life forever is ane that completely of us have heard, except very few can identify with.  Almost every student has had at least one teacher who he or she despises, or one who has left his or her positive impression upon the student.  In my case, it was Mrs. Rudra, my sixth-grade homeroom and English teacher.       Remember those first days of a new school year?  You dont know who your teacher is going to be, or which of your friends youll get to have in that class?  It was just such a day for me.  Our school had a new teacher who had transferred from a military school.  Her husband had retired from the Army, and they had moved into our town.  It was perfect for them.  The town I grew up in was known as the Garden City of India, and it also had the sobriquet Pensioners Paradise.  Since Mrs. Rudra was even-tempered a few years from retirement, she filled a vacancy at the best girls school in town.  The school could do with a teacher of her background.  Discipline, specially of the military kind, can come in handy when dealing with twelve-year-olds.       The buzz about this Drill Sergeant wasnt the best. Like a case of Chinese Whispers, the pipeline swung into action. Do you know she smokes? said one. Have you heard shes one for detention? said another.  I hope Im not in her class, stated another.  As we were all sending our silent prayers to the one above, the class lists were posted.  A mad clamor ensued to find out where each one of us was headed.  A sense of savvy had taken hold of me.  I was not particularly lucky w... ...rment.  My grades improved remarkably.  For my second term, I was elected Class Monitor.  Other teachers also commented on how a lot I had changed-for better or worse, they did not say.       When the school year came to an end, I was disappointed.  Here I was, totally transformed, all due to the effort of one person.  Academically, I was confident of my abilities.  Socially, I was self-assured.  The following years, whenever she passed me in the hallways, always erect in her posture, and strident in her gait, Mrs. Rudra would flash her nicotine-tainted smile at me.  The most I could do was to return what I hope was an ever-grateful look, and then wonder who elses life was going to be touched by this teacher.  I do suppose that To teach is to touch a life forever, so the truism goes.

Gated Communities in Istanbul

The backgroundIstanbul is one of the outstanding fretting, Cultural, tourer and transit hubs in Europe every bit honest as the Middle East which besides contributes 22 per cent of Turkeys GDP with 17.8 per cent of the national universe of discourse. ( 21 )The economical activity is root geographically and historically as the instance with many planetary urban centers. From the Ottoman period, Istanbul has been the major(ip) metropolis in term of societal moral force and economic activity. In The wake of the Second World War, the industrial capital throughout the patriot and develop mentalist clip with experiment of big inward migration. The rapid expanding upon is chiefly through spreading outwardsgecekonducolonies near the mill on the travelling borders of Istanbul which displaced the manifestation of the aureate age of informal urbanisation. Whereas, with the debut of the Neoliberal scheme which started from the 1980s, it has entered into a new phase that the shot of nations integrating into supranational capitalist kineticss is focused on Istanbul. ( book ) At that period of clip, the luxury top(prenominal) category residential country and globalising commercial infinites spread outwards of the metropolis Meanwhile,gecekonducolonies have continued to turn. Thus, the great disparity of income, wealth and power deepen in Istanbul as the city expressed in spacial segregations ( book keyder2005 )It could reason that planetary capitalist economy is the beginning of centralisation and backdown for the form of growing. In the recent decennaries, Istanbul has been considered by Turkish capital and province as a supranational regional economic Centre, assisting Turkey to take a farther card into internationalisation and planetary capitalist economy as the fiscal hub for the East and the West. ( ppt ) To implement the acceleration, the Istanbul Metropolitan Planning ( IMP ) was established by the JDP authorities. There ar two indispensable purposes for the planning authorization the first is to deconcentrate the fabrication industry towards outskirts of the built-up country. The 2nd is to transform the rudimentary metropolis towards finance services, up-market ingestion, so traveling the growing of up-market utilizations from the outskirts to the Centre. ( book ) These transmutation besides led of import functional limitings in the cardinal metropolis like EmineS ? Which was the citys oldest fearfulness centre now lost its production and service maps but act as great touristic and cultural roles.17 The chief intervention for the spacial restructuring is through large urban redevelopment which including the three big havens at Zeytinburnu, Haydarpasa and Galata atomic number 18 for trade centre. Meanwhile, the new bomber centre is located in the outer of both sides of the metropolis to suit the lower degree and much local anesthetic commercial activity to guarantee the cardinal metropolis to be available for high degree concer n sectors.The internationalized utilizations for renovation of cardinal metropolis proceed partially on empty land in the cardinal metropolis which owned by the public authorization. At the said(prenominal) clip, the IMP has seen a rent gap in rundown residential countries with hapless dwellers so in the interior metropolis, these countries are targeted as major planned regeneration proletariats. First, be aftering in the country where the historic edifices in metropolis centre that occupied by the cultural minority of all categories who were expelled in the 1920s from the state by the nationalist government. Second, be aftering in the country where thegecekonducolonies built by immigrants in the past 50 old ages which means they are composed to travel out. Before, these dwellers who work in these countries are largely employed in informal service sectors and small-scale economic improvisation in the cardinal metropolis. Even more worse, because of the planetary crisis the unskill ed occupations are difficult to happen for support, the impairment of poorness happens with the cultural and societal background of recent migrators like Kurdish migrators, the Roma population of Sulukule, African refugees. Therefore, without rubric to the land, these people are unable to take part in the increasing market-oriented populate economic system. ( rhenium ) The scourge is non merely for the income polarisationa?a?- but besides it affected societal, cultural, and spacial exclusion and possibly a lasting sub-proletariat. ( Re )For illustration, in recent regeneration proletariat in the Sulukule territory which is one of the oldest Roma vicinities been occupied by Anatolian Gypsies since Byzantine times will replace the edifice with Ottoman manner Villa. It is the MHA led undertaking that propose a 100 edifice are to be demolished with all 620 the renters are evicted. The two options is either to purchase new flat at a high pecuniary value or purchase societal trapping units in the outskirts of the metropolis at below- market rates but it is 45km off, indeed it become truly dearly-won and hard to entree to employment in the metropolis centre.The other similar regeneration projectikucukcekmece, to bring forth tremendous residential developments which close to a new planned commercial growing country in the outer West of the Istanbul. The MHA has constructed a immense increased denseness of 100,000 lodging unites with ingestion infinite. ( book ) However, the MHA demolished old 2000 homesteader colonies which move the proprietors to societal lodging in less valuable countries. The poorest tenants were neglect when they couldnt pay the monetary value for the provided units.? ? ?Thegecekonducolonies are consolidated. The Mass Housing Administration participated in this development by concept high-rise residential units for low income groups in outskirts of the metropolis and near of the Original occupants could go forth the old vicinity and take for middle-class residential developments. Alliances happened for the last 15 old ages and profited from the development. As a consequence, the metropolis could rest up with an tremendous bubble of extra existent estate ( 49 )? ? ? ? ?In Istanbul there are more than half illegally edifices where big population growing was accommodated on these productions of colonies. For the terminal of populism it demonstrated that land had thus fartually become a commodityiREi?which of course become favourable for guess as more and more land was pulled into the market sphere. However, the planetary moving ridge of bad investing in these tremendous developments make up ones minding the spacial enlargement of the urban metropolis. ( 49 )In the 1980s, the earlier stage of the planetary vision was chiefly driven by the Turkish beginning pudding stone capital. The new unit of ammo of urban globalisation is non merely driven by existent estate but besides a cultural undertaking. However, it could still reason that the renovation schedule to turn metropolis infinites into the profitable Assets meanwhile, to accommodate the indigences of spread outing wealth or for touristry, for commercial utilizations. ( 49 ) The planetary Investors are attracted to the quickly increased consumer demand for high-quality lodging, commercial apace and cultural touristry in the most profitable country. ? ? ? ? As a consequence, It can be seen in a 5.5 km2 big renovation undertaking, maestro planned by Zaha Hadid, in the Kartal territory along the Marmara shore which hosts 100 industrial mill. The former Mayor of Kartal had indicated the program to pull US $ 5 billion from planetary investors to develop a yacht marina accommodating 1,000 boats with Hotels, place and residential country. These sort of transmutation rely on the confederation of national and local political purpose and economic involvements, moreover it is besides depended on the graduated table and range with planetary capital enter ed the metropolis. ( 49 )The comparative economic alteration is the world that modern urban developments have homogenized edifice signifiers. The standardisation has progressed because of the edifice can be globally traded which are every bit the same in all topographic points. The societal effects of standardisation is the consequence of homogeneousness in reinforced signifier affects segregation it is efficient to build spacious communities destined for certain societal groups. 12Gated communities appeared in Turkey in the 1980s as of import undertaking of urbantransmutation and enlargement in the metropolis which driven by an progressively powerful existent estate market and accepted by political relations and planning. This advancement is non merely change urban and architectural forms in the metropolis but besides the deduction on the societal and economic constructions at the vicinity degree. ( web ) For illustration Getek, as a innovator of this manner of development in the 1990s existent estate developers discovered the potency for the up market lodging development. Therefore, more than 30 gated communities have been built closly. As a consequence, the population increases from 1,500 in 1993 to about 20,000 in 2008 with increasing land value. ( )The country has been transformed into an island among islands with undeniable web of economic, societal brushs which connect Geteks apparently the fragment into an incorporate economic whole.i5i?However, the gated communities still consequence on crystallisation of the class-based spacial segregation.Istanbul is acknowledged that has a proper system of public conveyance constitutes to counter the immense menace to mobility by planned expresswaies, widened roads and introduced new concern lanes. However, it could make farther divisions and destruct the citys delicate vicinity construction. The original street forms of theGecekonduand yap-sat territories, with their complex societal and micro-economic constr uctions, and lively street activities are existence replaced by the new vicinities which dwelling of monolithic blocks with high-rise flat towers. Besides, a big Numberss of diverse population are forced to go considerable distances for plants and even basic demands that farther consequence on the mobility on all degrees.

Fast Food Essay

College students do not welcome much metre to affect their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, ready sustenance is the number wizard choice that comes to mind. Fast fodder is quick, smack pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations.When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered.No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a solar day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with its appetizing selections.Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimit ed fountain drinks. Many facilities have a value or dollar menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could take a crap two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the bills left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior.Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research

Running head ETHICS IN RESEARCH good Issues in affable psychological inquiry Social psychological enquiry has been conducted in answer to umpteen sociable concerns. Over the years the focus of research has changed greatly dep termin victimisation on the holds of society. However the main purpose has remained constant, which is to contri thate to projecting individual thoughts, beliefs, and deportwork forcet in light of a broader social context. Social psychological research is through with(p) with both humans and animals. Therefore, researchers moldiness adhere to certain codes of conduct in found to ensure that the participants argon protected and non hurted in any way.The Canadian Psychological Association (certified public accountant) (2000) has come up with four good principles that researchers ought to abide by in conducting research. The branch principle which is watch over for Dignity of Persons is concerned with moral rights and should be given the lavishlyes t freight taboo of unaccompanied four principles (p. 2). The second principle which is Responsible Caring is concerned with competence and should be given the second highest weight (p. 2). The third principle which is Integrity in Relationships, this principle is concerned with honesty and should be given third highest weight (p. ). The fourth and last principle which is duty to Society is concerned with the hit to society however, an individual should non suffer for the better handst of society (p. 2). Therefore, this principle should be given the lowest weight out of the four. The purpose of this paper is to raise aw arness to the importance of adhering to these ethical principles as a backbone to social psychological research. As sound as not taking humans and societies for granted. In doing so, I will refer to two studies that obligate generated various ethical issues.The first schooling was conducted in 1963 by Stanley Milgram on destructive faithfulness. The second study was conducted in 1976 by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter on the effects of invasions on personal space. In the beginning I will provide a summary of the ethical principles followed by a summary of the obliges by Stanley Milgram, Diana Baumrind, Middlemist and authors, and Gerald P. Koocher. Fin exclusivelyy, I will provide a critical analysis of the articles, explore the ethical concerns, and provide evidence on how the two studies entioned above have violated the ethical principles as say by the Canadian Psychological Association (2000). I will besides include a discussion of what could have been done in ensnargon to minimize the be to participants in both studies. However, in the lead proceeding I would like to note that the two studies were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s and for this agent the principles stated in the CPA may not have been available to the researchers hence. Summary of Ethical Principles Principle I Respect for Dignity of Person Throughout their work, psychologists come into contact with many various individuals and groups.As part of their work psychologists accept the responsibility of respecting the dignity of all the persons whom they come into contact with. This means that they believe that each person should be treated primarily as a person or an end in him/herself, not as an object or a means to an end (p. 8). Specifically, psychologists show utmost duty to those persons in vulnerable positions. In addition, they hold moral rights to a high level of importance and remark the differences in cultures and groups. Psychologists acknowledge persons rights to privacy, personal liberty, natural justice and self-determination.In practice psychologist apply procedures that promote these rights, such as runing sayed con displace, protecting confidentiality, and exercising fair treatment. Psychologists in addition endure in mind the differences in power which certain individuals posses within families and communities. The refore, psychologists atomic number 18 responsible for seeking ethical advice in protecting the persons gnarly. In addition, psychologists are responsible for ensuring that all persons have the right to bene depart from the contributions of psychology without discrimination.Moreover, psychologists have a great responsibility to caring for members of society than do members of society have among themselves. die but not least, psychologists have the responsibility of protecting their own moral rights. Principle II Responsible Caring Psychologists are concerned for the benefitting and not disparageing those tough under their care. In addition, psychologists are required to pay special attention to the comfortably fare of those who are most vulnerable or directly involved under their care. Obtaining informed consent is one way of guarantying that a persons come up fare is protected.Psychologists are required to assess the potential harm and benefit and to hap only if the bene fits prevail over the harm. In this case it is the psychologists responsibility to take all banners to decrease the harm and increase the benefits, as well as take all measures to correct any harmful effects. This requires that psychologists acknowledge the charter for competence and self-knowledge. Therefore, psychologists only perform procedures that they are competent with and have or obtain sufficient knowledge.In addition psychologists engage in self-reflection so that they can differentiate between their own values and those persons involved under their care. Further more, psychologists assess harm in terms of both psychological and physical dimensions (p. 15). Therefore, psychologists are apprehensive about factors such as social, family, and community relationships personal and cultural identity feeling of self-worth, fear, humiliation, interpersonal trust, and cynicism self-knowledge and general knowledge and, such factors as physical safety comfort, pain, and injury (p. 15).Therefore, psychologists are not only concerned with short term effects, but also long term effects. Similar to principle I, psychologists are responsible for recognizing the power differences within individuals of society and addressing them by protecting the well-being of persons involved. In addition, psychologists are responsible for caring for animals in a humane manner and avoiding unessential procedures, which may vitrine the animals discomfort, pain, or disruption (p. 16). Psychologists recognize that they have a greater responsibility toward members of society than members have amongst themselves.Lastly, psychologists have the right to protect their own well-being. Principle III Integrity in Relationships Psychologists have the responsibility of meeting expectations such as accuracy and honesty straightforwardness and openness, the maximization of objectivity and minimization of bias and, avoidance of contradicts of interest (p. 22), and also to reciprocate and encour age these expectations. Self-knowledge and critical analyses back up psychologists in meeting these expectations. Psychologists have their own values and therefore, they may bias in the questions they ask. Therefore, it is crucial or psychologists to understand how their own values may conflict with the values under study, and address them honestly and objectively. It is also the responsibility of psychologists to assess the determination openness and straightforwardness, and to be sensitive to the cultural differences on the matter. In addition, their ending of not to be fully open must be endorsed higher-order values and maintains informed consent procedures (p. 22). In the case where participants are misled by the try outer for supposed benefits, it is the psychologists responsibility to consider the consequences and correct any resulting mistrust.In addition, if a conflict of interest arises, it is the psychologist responsibility to avoid and seek advice if encountered with it. Lastly, psychologists are required to uphold competence in areas in which they proclaim competence, regardless of their current practice, as well as abiding by the guidelines ap focused by their discipline. Principle IV Responsibility to Society Psychologists have responsibility towards members of their society. Psychologists have the freedom to enquire however in doing so they must abide by the ethical principles.In addition, psychologists must conduct research that has beneficial purposes, such as concording the four ethical principles mentioned above. However, in case of research that is conducted in opposition, it is the psychologists responsibility to highlight and correct. In addition, psychologists are required to recognise that social structures took time to develop and therefore they must seek consensus before disrupting any of those social structures which took years in their formation. However, if structures or policies go against the four ethical principles it is t he psychologists responsibility to address the issue and call for change.In addition, psychologists need to be flexible an accepting of criticisms in order to increase psychological knowledge. Nonetheless, psychologists need to decide the most beneficial way for using their talents as well as time. Summary of phrases Article by Stanley Milgram In his article behavioral study of Obedience, Stanley Milgram (1963) explores destructive obedience in the laboratory. He begins by mentioning that obedience is powerful and can lead to acts of kindness as well as destruction (p. 371). Milgram moves on to the experiment he devised in order to measure obedience.Milgram explains that a naive participant was instructed to lot electrical shocks to a learner. These shocks range in severity with the highest shock labelled as Danger Severe Shock (p. 372). The participants were told that they were participating in an experiment that measured the effect of penalisation on memory and learning. Milg ram measured obedience by the maximum shock a participant was willing to administer before refusing to continue. Forty men elderly between 20 and 50 participated. They were recruited from a news paper.They differed in their occupations and were paid $4. 50. However, they were told that the money belonged to them as long as they attend regardless of what happens after they arrive. The experiment was conducted in a way that the participant was always the teacher and the learner was always an accomplice of the experimenter. Each naive participant was given a ingest shock at 45 volts to verify the authenticity of the generator. The participants were instructed to give a shock every time the learner gave are incorrect response and to go up a level.The participant was also instructed to announce the new voltage level. On the another(prenominal) side, the victim did not protest up until 300 volts was administered, at this point the victim pounds on the wall of the room. This can be hear d by the participant. From this point onwards, the victims answers no longer appear. Therefore, the participants turn to the experimenter for guidance. The experimenter instructs them to consider no response as a wrong answer and to increase the voltage. The victims pounding is heard up until 315 volts and after that nothing is heard and no answers appear.If the participant indicated that he did not want to continue the experimenter employ some statements to ensure that the participant would continue. Milgram measured obedience by the maximum shock that a participant was willing to administer before refusing to continue. A participant that administered all shocks was termed as an obedient subject (p. 374). Some pictures and unusual behaviour was recorded. In addition, the participants were interviewed after the experiment in order to ensure that they left in a state of well being. Moreover, 14 Yale students predicted that only a small number of participants would continue to the en d.Milgram found that 26 out of 40 participants administered shocks till the end, and all 40 participants obeyed until 300 volts. However, many subjects showed signs of extreme stress and nervousness something which is rarely seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies (p. 375). Milgram concludes that the experiment resulted in two unheralded findings. First, he refers to the power of obedience. Milgram states that even though the experimenter had not authority and no punishment or material expiration would ensue 26 participants complied all the way. Second, Milgram refers to the un anticipate tension that participants jazzd.Milgram finishes his article with providing reasons that might have influenced the participants obedience. Article by Diana Baumrind In her article Some Thoughts on Ethics of interrogation After Reading Milgrams Behavioral Study of Obedience, Diana Baumrind (1964) argues that Milgram did not consider the after effects of his experiment on his participants and did not take the take into account measures to minimize if not eliminate the possible harm done. She begins her article by giving overviews of the reasons that people participate in experiments, as well as what they desire to gain from the experience.Baumrind also suggests that in a laboratory setting participants are more likely to birth in an obedient manner because of the anxiety they experience just by being in the laboratory. Therefore, she states that obedience should not be measured in such a setting. In addition, Baumrind refers to responsibility that the experimenter has in ensuring that the participants straggle in a good state, and that they feel that the experimenter is genuinely concerned for their wellbeing and has the professional skill to convey that (p. 422).Baumrind indicates that this is not always the case and that many participants are ill treated. This leads her to bring Milgrams experiment on destructive obedience into question. She first includes the abstract from his study and then states that Milgram describes the emotional disturbance experienced by his participants objectively. change surface though Milgram indicates that the efforts were made to reduce the tension experienced by the participants, Baumrind questions the procedures that could possibly eliminate the emotional disturbance.She also states Milgrams claim that the participants tension was eliminated before they left the laboratory is unconvincing (p. 422). Baumrind then questions the reason given for such indifference (p. 422). She states that according to Milgram the victims suffering is presumed to be temporary while the scientific benefits are long-lasting. Baumrind adds that no matter how well an experiment is carried out and how much it adds to the scientific knowledge there is no excuse for any harm done to its participants. Baumrind then speaks about the consequences of telling the participants the true nature of the experiment.She states that the particip ants may feel responsible as well as fooled. According to Baumrind this may result in a loss of self-esteem (p, 423). Baumrind then argues that there is no comparison between what happens in real life and Milgrams laboratory experiment. She gives the example of Hitlers Germany. Baumrind states that the difference between the two is that in Hitlers Germany the victims were considered to be deserving of death, and the ones who are carrying out the orders imagine that they are doing the right thing.On the other hand, in Milgrams experiment, the participants showed great concern for the victims but they also trusted the experimenter. Baumrind concludes that from the subjects point of view procedures which involve loss of dignity, self-esteem, and trust in wise authority are probably most harmful in the long run and require the most thoughtfully planned reparations, if engaged in at all (p. 423). She expects that Milgrams participants should have been informed of the dangers of the aft ermath and that the techniques used in restoring their well being are proven to be effective.Article by Stanley Milgram In his article Issues in the Study of Obedience A Reply to Baumrind, Stanley Milgram (1964) responds to Diana Baumrinds article. Milgram begins by summarizing his experiment and then focuses on replying to Diana Baumrinds concerns. He first states that his initial article Behavioral Study of Obedience did not contain all the information and that Baumrind could have easily accessed this information through the footnotes and references (p. 848). Milgram states that Baumrind confuses between the procedure of the experiment and the unexpected results.He states that Baumrind speaks about the stress experienced by the participants as if it were intended. However, he argues that it was real unexpected and that none of the colleagues predicted such behaviour when discussing the procedures of the experiment. In addition, Milgram argues that in contrary to what actually hap pened in the experiment, there was reason from him to believe that the participants would not obey the experimenters instruction once the victim protested.Milgram then acknowledges that he could have ended the experiment after a few subjects had demonstrated the capability to go all the way and had demonstrated signs of stress, but he argues that temporary excitement is different to harm. Therefore, he decided to continue the investigation since there did not seem to be injurious effects in the participants (p. 849). Milgram then moves on to discuss what measures were interpreted to ensure that participants left in a state of well-being.He explains that depending on each of the participants condition, each one was given an history to support their behaviour, in addition to a brief reconciliation with the victim and a discussion with the experimenter. In addition, Milgram states that each participant received a report on the procedures and results of the experiment. Moreover, partic ipants received a questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward the experiment. Milgram reports that the majority of participants felt positively about the experiment.Milgram states that he does not believe that any of the participants were at risk of danger and if he had any reason to believe so he would have terminated the experiment. In response to Baumrinds statement that once the participants had taken part in the experiment there is no way for them to justify their actions and therefore must take full blame. Milgram states that this is not the case, and that most of them end up justifying their actions by adage that they were just obeying the authority. In addition, he states that Baumrind concludes that the participants did not benefit from their participation, which he believes is not true.Milgram includes accounts from some of the participants which indicate that they have benefitted. He also refers to the report that he sent to his participants which was designed to enha nce the value of his the participants experience (p. 850). Milgram indicates that this report indicates that he is not indifferent toward the value participants derived from the experiment as Baumrind had stated. In addition, he states that Baumrind not only discusses the treatment of participants but also the issues of conducting a study of obedience in a laboratory.Milgram states the Baumrind does not believe that obedience can be measured in the laboratory since it is a place which obedience is normally expected. Milgram replies by stating that this is the reason why a laboratory is a suitable place for conducting the experiment since it resembles social institutions, such as the Military, where obedience is also expected. With regards to the example given by Baumrind on Nazi Germany, Milgram states that the two incidents are actually very different and indicates tierce points.First, he argues that Baumrind mistakes the background metaphor for the precise subject matter of inves tigation (p. 851). Second, he states the laboratory is a rational place to measure a mans behaviour in response to orders given by a legitimate authority. Third, due to manipulation individuals do not hold themselves responsible for acts done against another individual. Milgram also argues that Baumrind states that it is not suitable to test obedience in a laboratory because of the nature of the set, but ignores the fact the some participants did disobey.In addition, Milgram states that according to Baumrind participants may passport away never being able to trust authority however, he believes that this is not a just generalization on her behalf and concludes that the experiment on obedience is potentially valuable experience insofar as it makes people aware of the conundrum of indiscriminate submission to authority (p, 851). Article by Middlemist, Knowles and Matter In their article, Personal Space Invasions in the Lavatory Suggestive Evidence for Arousal, R. Dennis Middlemist, Eric S. Knowles, and Charles F.Matter (1976) , investigate the effect of invading personal space on foreplay. Middlemist and his colleagues expect that if personal space invasions produce arousal, then subjects standing closest to others at lavatory urinals would show increases in the delay of onset of micturation and decrease in the pertinacity of micturation (542). Therefore, the authors conduct a wing study, in which they found a correlation between interpersonal distance and micturation times (p. 542). The authors measured micturation times by using a wristwatch. The beholder took note of the urinal a potential subject selected.In addition, the observer recorded the time between when the person unzipped his fly and when the micturation actually started. The observer also recorded the time between the beginning and end of micturation. The observer relied on auditory cues to signal the beginning and end of micturation. However, according to the authors the field ceremony lack ed control because of the participants self selection of the urinals. Since micturation times showed a correlation with personal space, the authors decided that micturation times would be used as a dependent measure in an experiment.Therefore, the authors decide to conduct an experiment, in which the independent variable was the interpersonal space the participant had and the dependent variable was the micturation times. The authors controlled the urinal selected by using signs which indicated that the urinal was not operation in addition to positioning the confederate prior to the participants entrance. Therefore the participant would have no choice but to use a urinal specified by the experimenters. In order to record micturation times, the authors realised that due to the silence in urinals auditory cues could not be used and substituted it with visual cues.The authors used a periscope which would give the observer a view of the participants lower torso, but not the face. This a llowed the observer to see the beginning and end of micturation. The observer stationed in a toilet stall directly next to the participants urinal had two stop watches. The first recorded the delay of micturation and the second recorded the persistence of micturation. As predicted, the results show that the decreases in interpersonal space led to increases in the onset of micturation and decreases in the persistence of micturation.This supports the hypothesis that close interpersonal space distances are interpersonally stressful, increasing arousal and discomfort, and that it is this arousal that produces behavioural responses to invasions (p. 545). Article by Koocher In his article, Bathroom Behavior and Human Dignity, Gerald P. Koocher (1977) responds to the study conducted by Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter. He raises some ethical issues that he expected experimenters as well as editors to acknowledge. He begins his article by explaining the experiment and the findings.He then mo ves to questioning the state of human dignity with regards to psychological research. even up though, he acknowledges the importance of freedom in scientific inquiry and publishing, he questions the conduct and judgement of experimenters along with editors. Koocher then moves on to some of the ethical issues that are raised in this experiment. Koocher states that according to APA guidelines an investigator will perform an experiment in private setting only when he/she has sought advice as well as considered the consequences of the experiment.According to this guideline, he states that the investigator should asses the cost and benefits to the individual and society. Koocher criticizes the experimenters (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter) for their lack of including any justification of cost/benefit or how the significance of their study validates their need to invade the participants privacy. Koocher argues that the experimenters do not even consider the discomfort subjects may feel due to the close proximity of a confederate, nor do they offer explanation for why subjects discomfort may be considered unimportant.Koocher discusses that even if we assume that the experimenters did indeed assess cost/benefit, why is it that they have not included it in their article. Koocher then moves on to criticize the editors for accepting this article. He discusses how some people believe that it is essential to include informed consent in the methods section of any study conducted with human participants. Koocher speculates about how experimenters whose articles have been rejected would feel to find that this article has been legitimate while theirs have been rejected.He concludes by stating by placing this article in such high-visibility position, we may certainly anticipate a veritable flood of bathroom research, to be followed by books of readings, and ultimately, by a review article (Koocher, 1977, p. 121) Article by Middlemist, Knowles and Matter In their article What to Do and What to Report A Reply to Koocher, Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter reply to Koochers article. They begin their article by summarizing Koochers article. The authors reply by stating their interpretation of the ethical principles as stated in APA concerning human participants.The authors argue that from their understanding, the investigators need to pay attention to considering, designing, and executing research (p. 122). However, they point out that there is no mention of the need to report this information to the scientific community (p. 122). In addition, the authors refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associations basic rule on reporting research. This rule indicates that the investigators need to include only the information that is needed in order for others to understand and be able to replicate the study.The authors believe that it is the Publication Manual that led them to stress the procedures of their study as oppose to the ethical consi derations (p. 122). The authors then move on to reply to Koochers request for an assessment of the cost/benefit ratio (122). The authors provide the details of their sail study. First, they mention that it is a field observation which occurred in a public bathroom, and that nothing out of the ordinary occurred except that somebody was recording the time of micturation for the participants.Following that, half the participants were interviewed in order to assess the guess of recording micturation. The participants did not seem to have much of a problem upon learning that somebody was observing and recording their micturation times. In addition, the authors state that all of the participants accepted that their data be included in the study. Moreover, the participants mentioned that invasion of personal space in a public lavatory was not unusual and that it did not cause them any discomfort or pain.The authors indicate that the interviews led to believe a general low level of concer n towards being watched by the experimenters. However, the authors indicate that the pilot study has its drawbacks. They indicate that the participants were free to select their own personal space. Therefore, in deciding on whether they should conduct an experiment, the authors noted two points. The first being that men observing other men while urinating is not regarded as unusual or stressful. Second, changing the distance between the participant and the other user were also not uncommon.The authors indicate that they did seek switchnatives, but realised that the only way to collect reliable data was to observe the participant micturating using a periscope. In order to minimize the possible costs to the participants the authors took the following steps First, only the authors served as observers. Second, the participants could not be identified by the observer. Third, the confederate was informed of the ethical concerns and was instructed not to disclose the identity of the parti cipants, to signal the termination of a trial if he has any reason to believe that it should not be included.As well as, to be sensitive to participants being suspicious so that they can be informed of the study and debriefed. Fourth, the participants were not informed of the observation. The authors state that in assessing the cost/benefit ratio, they find that their experiment has relevance to theories of spatial behaviour and adds to the literature on micturation and urinary continence. The authors conclude that the ethical guidelines are unclear on the decision rules that researchers as well as editors must practise with regards to ethics.In addition to, what ethical discussion should be included in reports of research (p. 124). Discussion According to McBurney and fair (2007) researchers are faced with two conflicting values. On one hand, psychologists have an obligation to increase our knowledge of behaviour with the hope of benefiting society at large. On the other hand, psy chologists are also obliged to asses the costs of research on participants. This conflict is not easily resolved since one rule does not fit all cases.Therefore, researchers are continuously faced with the dilemma of either conducting research or protecting participants. Researchers who do not carefully asses the costs to participants may be held negligent toward society. From another perspective, researchers who do not carry out research because of being extra cautious may be considered falling short in their obligation to the same society. Milgram has been criticized by Diana Baumrind for not assessing the costs of research to participants. In addition, she criticizes Milgrams debriefing procedures.Baumrind states that Milgrams claim that participants tension was eliminated before they left seems unconvincing (p. 422). I find her claim to be just on her part. According to Milgram the tension experienced by the participants was actually unexpected, therefore, how is it possible for Milgram to have assessed the necessary debriefing procedures. His debriefing procedures were suitable for the predictions that most people would not continue to the end. Milgram had the choice of terminating the experiment even if only temporarily after a few subjects had demonstrated unexpected behaviour.That would have allowed him more time and thought to consider the effects of his experiment. It would have also allowed him to discuss the unexpected behaviour with other colleagues and asses the cost/benefit ratio before proceeding. In addition, Milgram conducted interviews in which he asked participants how they felt about the experiment. He uses their responses to argue that his participants left with positive feelings about the study. However, he ignores the fact that the participants response does not necessarily reflect their true opinion, as some participants tend to espond in a way that they think is expected of them or more socially desirable. For example, a participant t hat was obedient during the experiment may want to show the experimenter that he actually really apprehended the study by agreeing with the statement I am very glad to have been in the experiment (Milgram, 1964, p. 849). Evaluation apprehension which is the tendency of the experimental participants to alter their behaviour to appear as socially desirable as possible could possibly have biased the participants responses (McBurney & White, 2007, p. 77). Milgram states that if he had any reason to believe that the participants were in danger he would have terminated the experiment. However, Baumrind emphasizes the emotional disturbance that participants may have suffered. Especially, because emotional harm is more difficult to asses in advance and that even though some people may benefit from the experience of participating in the experiment , others may suffer from long-term loss of self-esteem (Alcock, Carment & Sadava, 2005, p. 33).However, Milgram does make a point when he replies to Baumrinds concern about conducting the experiment in the laboratory. According to Baumrind, obedience is expected in the laboratory and therefore, the laboratory is not an appropriate setting to measure obedience. On the other hand, Milgrams study is a significant example of destructive obedience. It reflects how people behave in accordance to authority, even if it goes against their own values. The second study by Middlemist and authors has also been criticized for its ethical conduct.Koocher considers the study to have invaded the participants privacy. Middlemist and authors state that men watching men in urinals in not something unusual. In addition, the interviews they conducted after the pilot study indicated that the men did not have much of a problem with it. However, Middlemist and authors ignore the fact that once people have participated in something and then confronted there is a likelihood that they will want to remain cooperative. Nonetheless, the experiment they co nducted is actually different to the pilot study.Namely, in the pilot study they resorted to auditory cues, on the other hand, in the experiment they used visual cues. These two methods are not similar and participants would not find them to be equal because of the manipulation involved which was not present in the pilot study. Why is it that Middlemist and authors decided not to inform the participants, like they did in the pilot study? Since men watching men is not unusual, informing them that somebody in the next stall was watching them should not have been a problem from their perspective.However, Middlemist and authors do make a point when they state that their interpretation of the Publication Manual led them to believe that they did not need to include the cost/benefit discussion. It is also possible to assume that the editors had a similar interpretation of the Publication Manual. In accordance with the ethical principles as stated by the CPA , both studies violated ethics i n research. For example, Milgram does not obtain informed consent.That is Milgram, does not inform the participants of the consequences of their participation such as disturbance, anxiety, stress, and tension. This is necessary as it allows the participant the choice to partake in the experiment or not. In addition Milgram does not demonstrate responsible caring. Responsible caring is primarily concerned with the well-being of the participants and Milgram did not demonstrate that he took all the precautions to ensure that the participants would not suffer any harm. His participants experienced high levels of anxiety and tension.As explained by Milgram (1963), the levels of tension were not usually seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies. For example, Milgram explained that the participants were observed to sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan, and dig their fingernails into their flesh (p. 375). In addition, Milgram could not justify through his arguments that the b enefits are greater than the harm done to its participants. Milgram, also had the opportunity to terminate the investigation but he decided to continue.According to the CPA (2000), researchers are advised to terminate an activity when it is clear that the activity carries more than minimal risk of harm and is found to be more harmful than beneficial (p. 19). Middlemist and authors, also fail to obtain informed consent. In fact, in their experiment, they had invaded the privacy of participants, and had not even given the participants the option of accepting or refusing their data to be included in the study. Even more, participants did not even know that they were participants in a experiment.In addition, Middlemist and authors do not respect the right of research participants to safeguard their own dignity. Participants had no choice but to be participants in a study which they might not have accepted to partake in. In addition, in the study the participants were manipulated and ob served in a way, which in reality does not treat the participants as humans. They were more like puppets to the experimenters. In both studies, the experimenters could have taken some measures that would have minimized the harm done to participants. For example, Milgram could have obtained informed consent.For example, he could have stated that electrical shocks will be administered in a memory learning task. Participants can be told that even though the shocks are very painful, tissue damage will not occur. In addition, participants can be informed that they may experience high levels of tension and that if this occurs the experimenter will follow up as soon as possible. This will inform the participants more about what they are participating in, as well as give them the opportunity to drop out. Moreover, Milgram could have conducted a pilot study.He could have measured obedience in terms of the participants willingness to administer shocks. The pilot study would have allowed Milgr am to observe that contrary to predictions, it is possible that many participants would obey. Furthermore, Milgram would have been able to consider the effects obedience would have on the participants and would be more prepared in alleviating those effects. Middlemist and authors could have conducted interviews before conducting the experiment to assess the general opinion on this matter. In addition, they could have obtained informed consent.Also, they could have made use of other technologies, such as attaching sensitive recording devices instead of using visual cues. Moreover, Middlemist and authors could have given the participants the option of including their data. In conclusion, researchers have the responsibility of ensuring that all persons involved are not harmed in any way. They have a duty to take the necessary precautions and adhere to the principles of their discipline. In case of doubt, researchers should consult advice from persons who are competent to provide advice . References Alcock, J.E. , Carment, D. W. , Sadava, S. W. (2005). A textbook of social psychology (6th ed. ). Toronto Pearson Prentice Hall. Baumrind, D. (1964). Some thoughts on ethics of research After reading Milgrams Behavioural study of obedience. American Psychologist, 19, 421-423. Canadian Psychological Association. (2000). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (3rd ed. ). Ottawa Koocher, G. P. (1977). Bathroom behavior and human dignity. diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 120-121. McBurney, D. H. & White, T. L. (2007).Research methods (7th ed. ). California (CA) Thomson Wadsworth. Middlemist, R. D. , Knowles, E. S, & Matter, C. P. (1976). Personal space invasions in the lavatory Suggestive evidence for arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 541-546. Middlemist, R. D. , Knowles, E. S, & Matter, C. P. (1977). What to do and what to report A reply to Koocher. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 122-124. Milgram, S. (1963). B ehavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378.

Becoming a Citizen of Trinidad and Tobago

CONTENTS Definition of Personality2 How a person becomes a citizen in Trinidad and Tobago.. 3 Roles of a Citizen .. 7 Qualities of an outstanding citizen 8 Pictures of Document 9 DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY According to the American Psychological Association, personality refers to the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. These patterns can be observed amongst all living organisms within the universe. Personality is the essential character of a person and is that aspect of both human being that impresses others.HOW A PERSON BECOMES A CITIZEN OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO This is the complete legal process of becoming a Trinidad and Tobago citizen- 1. A person must apply to be a citizen at through the ministry of national security. 2. You must fulfill these criteria * The spouse of a resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago. * The parent or grandparent of a resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago who resides in the field and is willing and able to provide care and maintenance for you. * moveing in Trinidad and Tobago under a Work Permit for five or more continuous years at the time of application.However, a former resident or citizen of Trinidad and Tobago who wishes to obtain residency again would have to * Obtain a Police surety of Character from all countries of residence within the last five years and from Trinidad and Tobago. Please follow the link below for information on obtaining a Police Certificate of Character from Trinidad and Tobago. Certificates must not be dated more than six months before the date of application. * Have legally entered the country if you are currently living in Trinidad and Tobago. Not be in a prohibited class as outlined in Section 8(1) of in-migration Act. The Immigration Act can be viewed in its entirety on the Ministry of National Securitys Immigration Division website. 3. You must obtain and complete two copies of a P&I 6 Form from wiz of the offices below, or from either Trin idad and Tobago overseas mission. These are available at 1. Citizenship and Immigration Section Temple courtroom 31-33 Abercromby Street, Ground Floor Port of Spain Trinidad, western hemisphere Indies Ph unmatched (868) 623-2441-5 Fax (868) 625-9405 E-Mailemailprotected ov. tt 2. Immigration Office Port Authority Building Milford Road Scarborough Tobago, West Indies Tel (868) 639-2681 Fax (868) 639-1868 3. Both copies of the application form should be completed in accordance with the included instructions and returned in person, together with all required documentation. necessary DOCUMENTATION * Four identical passport-sized photos taken within the last six months. * Birth Certificate and supporting Affidavit, if necessary (original and one copy). * Marriage Certificate, if applicable (original and one copy). Police Certificate of Character from previous counties of residence within the last five years and from Trinidad and Tobago, dated not more than six months from the date of ap plication. * Work Permits issued in the name of the applicator for five years (original and one copy). * Job Letter or, if self-employed, evidence of registration of Company and letter indicating nature of employment and income. * fiscal statements reflecting any investment accounts, bank accounts or credit union accounts dated not more than two weeks before date of application. Tax Clearance Certificate B or C, which can be obtained at the Inland Revenue Department, Trinidad House, St. Vincent Street, Port of Spain. * Photocopies of each utilised page of a valid external Passport. The required documentation may vary according to the reason for applying for residency in Trinidad and Tobago. 4. The following fees are payable upon approval of an application for Resident circumstance * Nationals of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries pay TT$400. 00. Nationals of non-CARICOM countries pay TT$1000. 00. Payment must be made in cash or by certified handicap at Cashiers Unit Ground Floor, Ministry of National Security 31-33 Abercromby Street, Port of Spain Trinidad, West Indies The Cashiers Unit is open Monday through Friday from 800 am to 230 pm, ask out public holidays. If application was made at an Overseas Mission you are required to enter Trinidad and Tobago once your Resident Status is approved to pay your fees and to see your Certificate of Resident Status.AFTER APPLICATION All applications are placed in a queue in the order in which they are received. lag from the Citizenship and Immigration Section will review each application and, if necessary, request omitted information. Once an application is deemed to be complete, the Ministry will send written notification to the applicant of the date and time he or she has been scheduled for an interview. During the interview, an Immigration Officer will determine if the applicant qualifies for Resident Status.After the interview, the Ministry will send the applicant written notification of the final decisio n regarding his or her application for Resident Status. The period of time from when you apply to final decision may vary from one to four years. ROLES OF A CITIZEN As a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago many roles must be played. There are rights and responsibilities that are required in order to fulfill the stance of a legal Trinidad and Tobago resident. The rights, roles and responsibilities of a citizen are available in the Trinidad and Tobago constitution. These rights are the right of the individual to life, liberty, security of the person and enjoyment of property And the right not to be deprived thereof except by due process of legal philosophy * the right of the individual to equality before the law and the protection of the law * the right of the individual to respect for his private and family life * the right of the individual to equality of treatment from any public authority in the exercise of any functions * the right to join political parties and to express political v iews * the right of a parent or guardian to provide a school of his own selection for the education of his child or ward * exemption of movement * freedom of conscience and religious belief and observance * freedom of thought and expression * freedom of association and assembly and * Freedom of the press.QUALITIES OF AN OUTSTANDING CITIZEN An outstanding citizen must display characteristics that have a positive and significant impact on the country. Becoming a good citizen in take obeying the law, voting, paying attention to government and politics, donating money to help others, volunteering to help others and helping with problems and issues within society. Excelling at these and other duties amongst society creates the accurate example of what an outstanding model citizen can be. Being an outstanding citizen comes with great results. Awards and privileges are given with the act of outstanding citizenry and a rich and flourishing lifestyle awaits the achiever.

Importance of Being On Time Essay

Scheduling the work day is one of the most valuable duties any leader in the Marine Corps or the Armed forces in general, tackles each and either day. Being at the right gear up at the right time for any member of the Armed forces is extremely essential to the defense of the entire United States of America. Its because of this that creation on time is outstandingly important. Dependability, accountability, consistency and discipline are all crucially important for all members of the armed forces. Being on time intends that a Marine is dependable and has his or her priorities straight. Being at the appointed place of duty means to be there on time and has always been one of the most important aspects of being a Marine. Failure to be on time not only hinders mission ready capability and readiness, but also can without a doubtfulness cost unnecessary loss of life.It is important to realize that it is necessary for those in the Armed Forces are held to a high standard. Punctuality remains and always go forth be an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. It has a direct correlation to a Marine appearance, combat readiness, mission effectiveness, and essentially every aspect of military life and responsibility. I cannot place enough emphasis on how important being on time constantly is. For instance a Marine who is late or does not report at all to a place at the time ordered effectively compromises and diminishes the efficiency of which the childbed or mission at hand can be completed.In an extreme case a Marine who is not on time to pardon the current guards post would cause the combat effectiveness and readiness of the unrelieved guard to be greatly reduced. This would be caused by fatigue, or lack of supplies, etc. Consequently the guard on post could be compromised and the security of the area could be breached. These things do occur, however, they can undoubtedly be avoided by merely, once again, being on time. The importance of bei ng on time is so you will be early to where ever you need to be and turn over whatever you need to do. If you are early you will always have time to make sure everything that you need to do is straight and there arent any errors in what you need to do.It is important to be on time for work because it shows that you are dedicated in the things that you do and it can help you in moving up in your field of expertise. It is important to be on time in the military because you will be at the right place at the right time, you will be accountable for and if anything was to happen no one can accuse you of anything because you were where you were suppose to be at the right time.Whenever you show up late to something it shows that you have no discipline or respect for anyone else because now everyone has to wait for you to arrive instead of starting on time or possibly earlier. It is important to be on time because it shows leadership, commitment, loyalty and that you are responsible enough to be trusted without supervision. It is very important to be on time because it is crucial to the mission, my leadership, and me as a Marine.

Consumer Preception Towards Online Shoping

Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. com International Journal of instruction & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 CONSUMERS detection TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING- THE CASE OF PUNJAB Pawan Singh Rathour ABSTRACT India has more than 100 billion internet partrs out of which one half opt for online obtains and the number is rising sharply every year. The harvest-feast in the number of online shoppers is coarseer than the growth in profit users, indicating that more Internet users be becoming comfortable to shop online.The capability of purchasing without release your place is of great interest to many consumers. not only does online obtain offer really good deals, but also brings optimum convenience to the consumers. Moreover, the use of Internet tools for price searching and comparison provides an additional advantage in consumers final decision, as they can purchase their desired products in the lowest for sale price. This paper focuses on the understan ding of demographic profiles of adopters and non-adopters of online shopping.For this purpose the data from 400 respondents was still in the form of questionnaires. The piece of work has been conducted in 3 cities of Punjab, a model of urban respondents were selected from the Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Amritsar The paper also analyses the miscellaneous reasons for adoption and non-adoption of online shopping. KEYWORDS Online Shopping, Consumer Perception, Factor analysis, Adopters and Non-Adopters of online shopping REVIEW OF LITERATURE Bellman et al (1999) investigated various reckonors for whether an individual will purchase online.These authors concluded that demographic variables, such(prenominal) as income, education and age, engender a modest impact on the decision of whether to purchase online, whereas the most important causal factor out of online shopping was previous behaviour, such as earlier online purchases. Standing (1999) stated that traditionally retail sound agencies have acted as intermediaries between airline companies and sell travel companies and the consumer. The Internet and the World Wide Web provide a whole new set of challenges and opportunities for this business sector.The major threat stems from airlines and wholesale travel companies offering their products and services directly to the customer without the assistance of travel agencies. Large online agencies have gained significant attention in the travel industry and provide roughly evidence of a restructuring of the travel industry sector. Leong (2001) examined the selling strategies adopted by local hotel establishments in the competitive hospitality industry. It also analyses the adoption and role of training technology in strategic marketing.It was found that most hotels beted to have embraced the marketing concept, given the existence of extensive marketing plans. Although most hotels appe ard to have successfully unified information technology into their market ing campaigns, the level of commitment seemed to be insignificant. Following a brief comparison with a similar US study, the paper concludes that in that location ar only minor differences between US and Singapore hotels in terms of their marketing practices. Parasuraman (2002) stated that the motivations for this special issue and propose a conceptual framework pertaining to the issues theme.victimization this frameworks a backdrop, they then offer an overview of the remaining articles by segmenting them into categories and discussing their relationship to the framework. They conclude by highlighting research avenues for augmenting our understanding of marketing to and serving customers through the Internet. Sigala (2003) stated that despite the exponential growth of e-commerce on the Internet, little is still known on how the new medium is transforming marketing concepts/practices and their effectiveness.This a posteriori study aims to fill in this gap. This article first anal yzes the Internets capabilities and features as well as the new virtual market space that Internet advances have fostered. after(prenominal) reviewing models and strategies for Internet marketing, an Internet marketing mix is proposed based on the Internet strategies of hotels in Greece that were investigated. Know and Lee (2003) explored consumers concerns about payment security and its relationship to online shopping attitude and actual purchases.They observed a negative relationship between attitude towards online shopping and concerns about online payment security. Consumers with a positive attitude seem to be slight concern about payment security. Bechrer (2004) stated that Internet marketing is a field that is continuing to grow, and the online auction concept may be defining a totally new and unique distribution alternative. Very few studies have examined auction sellers and their INTRODUCTION With nearly half of the Indian existence being young and net savvy, there has b een an extra ordinary rise in the numbers of online shoppers.The recent growth in the mall culture in the country has in fact made consumers more aware about different options and encouraged them to search and eventually purchase online. India has more than 100 million internet users out of which one half opt for online purchases and the number is rising sharply every year. The growth in the number of online shoppers is greater than the growth in Internet users, indicating that more Internet users are becoming comfortable to shop online.Until recently, the consumers generally visit online to reserve hotel rooms and buy air, rail or pictorial matter tickets, books and gadgets and gizmos, but now more and more offline product like clothes saris, kurtis, T-shirts shoes, and designer lingerie, consumer durables are being purchased online. At present the market is estimated at Rs. 46000 crore and is growing at 100 percent per year. The two most commonly cited reasons for online shoppi ng have been convenience and price. The capability of purchasing without leaving your place is of great interest to many consumers.Not only does online shopping offer really good deals, but also brings optimum convenience to the consumers. Moreover, the use of Internet tools for price searching and comparison provides an additional advantage in consumers final decision, as they can purchase their desired products in the lowest available price . On the contrary, cover and security have been the great concerns, resulting many people to browse the Internet for informational matters than for buying online. 1 rapscallion www. ijmit. com Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. om International Journal of Management & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 internet marketing strategies. This research examines the internet auction phenomenon as it relates to the marketing mix of online auction sellers. The data in this study indicate that, whilst there is great diversity a mong businesses that utilize online auctions, distinct cost leadership and differentiation marketing strategies are both evident. These two approaches are further distinguished in terms of the internet usage strategies employed by each group.Ryan (2004) conducted a research on the mosaic of institutional issues associated with gaining credibleness for internet marketing standards. Strong claims for a predominantly self-regulatory approach are reviewed in conjunction with other factors that inhibit credibility, namely competing internet worldviews, weak example coherency and offline ambiguity about respective institutional roles, especially as regards moral dimensions of notions of regulation and self-regulation. Wang (2006) conducted a research to examine the current use and predict future Web-based marketing activities of U. S. onvention and visitor bureaus. A survey was sent to 600 randomly selected American convention and visitor bureaus with a focus on assessing the applicatio ns included in the bureaus Web sites, their Web site promotion techniques, and customer relationship management programs in relation to these Web sites. The results indicate that most bureaus Internet marketing activities are relatively limited, focusing on providing travel information to prospective visitors. Bengtsson (2007) stated that adopting the Internet for advanced marketing operations opens up challenging opportunities for firms of all sizes.However, such adoption might destroy investments in present market channels and thus has the characteristics of radical innovation. The results of analysis show that composition of factors on which firms base their decision to adopt advanced Internet-based marketing operations varies significantly with firm size. Chin ting (2010) stated that few school or educational studies have at the corresponding time explored both internet marketing and organizational commitment, and of those that have, only direct effects were examined. This st udy clarifies the relationship between school organizations internet arketing and teachers organizational commitment by examining the mediating role of teachers job involvement and job satisfaction. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The study has been conducted to identify the consumers perception towards online shopping in Punjab. The specific objectives of the study are ? ? To identify the demographic profile of adopters and non-adopters of online shopping in Punjab. To identify the various reasons for adoption and non-adoption of online shopping by the consumers of Punjab DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY The research is primarily descriptive in nature.The data was collected in the form of questionnaires. The study has been conducted in 3 cities of Punjab, a sample of urban respondents were selected from the Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Amritsar. The survey was carried out on 450 respondents. However, 31 Questionnaires were found to be incorrect or irrelevant, so a total of 50 questionnaires were deliberate ly rejected. Hence, the study sample was reduced to 400 respondents. The data was collected personally (and via emails) in the months of January 2012 to March 2012. The questionnaire was pretested in order to identify possible problems in terms of clarity and accuracy.Thus, several changes were made in order to correct the presentation of the items, based on comments and feedback. Apart from demographic-related questions, fivepoint Likert scale was used for all the questions concerning consumers expectations and perceptions about the online shopping. to the highest degree of the Respondents of the age group 36-45 years (44. 6%) were found to be adopters of online shopping (Table 1). Most of the Males (55. 3%) were the adopters as compared to females, where 53. 7% were non-adopters. The adopters were generally post graduates (48. 9%) with monthly income in the range of Rs. 0000-Rs. 30000. The respondents those who use internet from 5 to 7 hours a day were found to be adopters of o nline shopping. The consumer responses ranked the retail websites at Number 1 with Electronics and comparison shopping websites at Number 2 and 3 respectively. Home items were ranked at Number 10 by the Punjab consumers (Table 2) Table 1 Demographic profile of Adopters and Non Adopters Demographics Adopters No. Age 15-25 26-35 36-45 Above 46 gender Female Male 84 104 44. 6% 55. 3% 114 98 53. 7% 46. 2% df=1 chi-square=53. 892 p=0. 000 34 67 84 03 18. 0% 35. 6% 44. % 1. 5% 45 72 91 04 21. 2% 33. 9% 42. 9% 1. 8% df=3 chi-square=48. 241 p=0. 000 % Non Adopters No. % Chi square 2 foliate www. ijmit. com Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. com Education Under Graduate Graduate Post Graduate Any Other Monthly Income Under Rs. 10000 Rs. 10000-Rs. 20000 Rs. 20000-Rs. 30000 More than Rs. 30000 Not Employed Daily usage of the Internet 1 hour and below 1-3 hours 3. 1-5 hours 5. 1-7 hours 7 hours and above 21 38 56 65 08 18 37 78 55 00 31 43 92 20 International Journal of Managemen t & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 6. 4% 22. 8% 48. 9% 10. 6% 56 62 86 08 26. 4% 29. 2% 40. 5% 3. 7% df=3 chi-square=72. 452 p=0. 000 9. 5% 19. 6% 41. 4% 29. 2% 0. 0% 42 51 69 45 05 19. 8% 24. 0% 32. 5% 21. 2% 2. 3% df=4 chi-square=67. 453 p=0. 000 11. 1% 20. 2% 29. 7% 34. 5% 4. 2% 47 53 71 39 02 22. 1% 25. 0% 33. 4% 18. 3% 0. 94% df=4 chi-square=77. 344 p=0. 000 Table 2 Most visited category of websites Category of Websites Retail Consumer Electronics Comparison Shopping Computer Hardware Apparel Movies Books Flowers/Gifts/Greetings Jewelry/Luxury Goods/Accessories Home itemsRank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean 3. 45 3. 12 2. 98 2. 87 2. 64 2. 55 2. 03 1. 76 1. 46 1. 55 Reasons for adoption or non-adoption of online shopping The factor analysis was use on the responses provided by respondents. Factor analysis is a good flair of identifying latent or underlying factors from an array of seemingly important variables. In a more general way, factor analysis is a set of tec hniques, which, by analyzing correlations between variables, reduces their number into fewer factors, which explain much of the original data, more economically. (Malhotra,2002).In the present study, the factor analysis was applied in order to identify the various reasons for online shopping by the consumers, the responses obtain were put to factor analysis and the result so obtain were Table 3 KMO and Bartletts test dependent to Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartletts Test of Sphericity. The approximate chi-square value is 621. 103 with df 290, which is significant at 0. 000 level. (Table 3). The value of KMO statistics (0. 783) is also large ( 0. 5). Hence, all factors are not considered equally important for Television viewing.From table 4, it is evident that the first four variables represent the 62. 092 % of sectionalization. Therefore, only these four factors with the variance greater than 1. 0 are retained and the other factors are not include d in the model. Thus, from eigen values in table 3, we extract only 4 factors from the 13 variables. 3 scallywag www. ijmit. com Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. com International Journal of Management & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartletts Test of Sphericity Approx.Chi-Square Degree of immunity Significance .783 621. 103 290 . 000 Table 4 meat Variance explained Initial Eigenvalues role 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total 4. 150 3. 144 2. 718 1. 411 0. 892 0. 789 0. 618 0. 601 0. 590 0. 449 0. 332 0. 217 0. 189 % of Variance 27. 823 14. 230 10. 783 9. 256 6. 068 5. 130 5. 003 4. 781 4. 350 4. 263 2. 963 2. 788 2. 562 Cumulative % 27. 823 42. 053 52. 836 62. 092 68. 160 73. 290 78. 293 83. 074 87. 424 91. 687 94. 650 97. 438 100. 00 Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total 4. 150 3. 144 2. 718 1. 411 % of Variance 27. 823 14. 230 10. 783 9. 56 Cumulative % 27. 823 42. 053 52. 836 62. 092 Rotatio n Sums of Squared Loadings Total 3. 921 3. 101 2. 318 1. 290 % of Variance 27. 823 14. 230 10. 783 9. 256 Cumulative % 27. 823 42. 053 52. 836 62. 092 Extraction Method Principal Component Analysis Factor loadings are simple correlations between the variables and factors. The most commonly used method is the Varimax Table 5Rotated Component Matrix gyration procedure. This is an orthogonal method of rotation that minimizes the number of variables with high loadings of a factor, thereby enhancing the interpretability of the factors.Orthogonal rotations results in factors that are uncorrelated. Component S. No. Statements 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 I favour to purchase online collectible to heavy discounts available online It is easier to buy online rather than going on to shop at broth Shopping online gives you larger options to choose from It is easier to pay online through credit card or direct bank transfer The prime(a) of products purchased online from certain(p) sites is very good an d are available at economical prices Shopping online saves my time and money as I dont have to go through heavy profession besides saving fuel 609 . 361 . 212 . 341 . 425 . 380 .427 . 521 . 517 . 489 . 336 .379 . 389 . 412 . 656 . 316 .235 . 260 . 352 . 419 . 296 6 .552 .272 .461 4Page www. ijmit. com Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. com 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 International Journal of Management & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 . 402 . 642 . 285 . 403 . 502 . 325 . 580 . 326 . 561 . 223 . 326 . 346 . 436 . 352 . 561 . 452 . 311 . 262 . 663 . 516 . 431 . 613 . 497 . 591 . 570 . 371 . 696 . 280I am a bit implicated about the security and privacy of my payments online I cannot buy all the products on discount but some selected products only There are some merchant marine delays in getting the product I do not use the credit card so I cannot often shop online I prefer to purchase online due to easement of online buying procedures I physically need to check the products sooner purchasing it I can exhibit the reviews also sooner purchasing online which helps me to select the right product at economical pricesPrincipal Component Analysis under the rotation method (Varimax with Kaiser Normalization), rotation converged in 15 iterations. The future(a) four components (Table 6) may be extracted Component 1 Factor 1,5,8,13 (Price consciousness) Component 2Factor 2,3,6 ( thingummy and Variety) Component 3Factor 4,11 (Easy payment options) Component shopping) 4Factor 7,9,10,12 (Challenges of online The rotated component matrix suggests presence of the four interrelated factors.Table 6 Naming of Factors Factor No. F1 Name of Dimension Price Consciousness Item No. 1 I prefer to purchase online due to heavy discounts available online Variables Factor loading . 609 5 8 13 F2 Convenience and Variety 2 3 6 F3 Easy payment options 4 11 F4 Challenges of online shopping 7 9 10 12 The quality of products purchased online from trusted sites is very good and are available at economical prices I cannot buy all the products on discount but some selected products only.I can read the reviews also before purchasing online which helps me to select the right product at economical prices It is easier to buy online rather than going on to shop at caudex Shopping online gives you larger options to choose from Shopping online saves my time and money as I dont have to go through heavy traffic besides saving fuel It is easier to pay online through credit card or direct bank transfer I prefer to purchase online due to easement of online buying procedures. I am a bit concerned about the security and privacy of my payments online There are some shipping delays in getting the product.I do not use the credit card so I cannot often shop online I physically need to check the products before purchasing it .425 . 642 . 580 . 521 . 517 . 552 . 656 . 663 . 613 . 591 . 570 . 696 Price Consciousness It is the most significant factor with 27. 823 percen t of total variance explained. This explains the intent of Punjab Consumers being price sensitive. Most of the consumers prefer to buy some selected products online because they will get heavy discounts in comparison to store purchases. Also, the consumers feels that there are good websites available which can be trusted for purchases. Page www. ijmit. com Council for Innovative Research www. cirworld. com International Journal of Management & Information Technology Volume 1, No 1, May, 2012 Convenience and Variety It is the second most significant factor with 14. 230 percent of total variance explained. The consumers perceive that shopping online gives them larger options to choose from. Shopping online is very convenient as one has to just open a laptop or PC to shop rather then getting ready and pass through rush hour traffics. Easy Payment options It is the one-third most significant factor with 10. 83 percent of total variance explained. Consumers feel that carrying cash or cr edit cards all the way to the store is meaning less if one can purchase the same product from their home. Challenges of Online Shopping It is the fourth most significant factor with 9. 256 percent of total variance explained. The only worry of consumers is regarding the trustworthiness of some websites, since they have to give their credit card details to shop online. REFERENCES ? Bechrer C. (2004). Characteristics and internet marketing strategies of online auction sellers.International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising. 24(1), 24-37 Bellman, S. , Lohse, G. and Johnson, E. (1999) Predictors of online buying behaviour, Communications of the ACM, 42 (12), 32-38. Bengtsson M. (2007). Integrating the Internet and Marketing Operations A Study of Antecedents in Firms of Different Size. International Small cable Journal. 25(1), 27-48 Chin ting S. (2010). The Effect of Internal Marketing on Organizational Commitment Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Mediators. Educationa l validation Quarterly. 9(4), 65-74 Know, K. and Lee, J. (2003) Concerns about payment security of Internet purchases a perspective on current on-line shoppers, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 21 (4), 174-184. Leong C. (2001). Marketing practices and Internet marketing A study of hotels in Singapore. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 7(2), 179-187 Parsuraman A. (2002). Marketing to and Serving Customers through the Internet An Overview and Research Agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 30(4), 96-105 Ryan P. (2004).Internet marketing standards institutional coherence issues. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising. 15(4), 84103 Schiffman L. (2007) Consumer Behavior , New Delhi Prentice Hall India Sigalla M. (2003). Developing and Benchmarking Internet Marketing Strategies in the Hotel Sector in Greece. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 27(4), 375-401 Standing C. (1999). Internet marketing strategies used by travel agencies in Australi a. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 6(1), 36-42 Wang Y. (2006).Futuring Internet Marketing Activities Using Change Propensity Analysis. Journal of Travel Research. 45(2), 158-166 ? ? ? CONCLUSIONS It was seen from the study that most of the Respondents of the age group 36-45 years were found to be adopters of online shopping. Most of the Males were the adopters as compared to females, where 53. 7% were non-adopters. The adopters were mostly post graduates with monthly income in the range of Rs. 20000-Rs. 30000. The respondents those who use internet from 5 to 7 hours a day were found to be adopters of online shopping.Further, the factor analysis was applied to understand the various reasons for adoption and non-adoption of online shopping by the respondents. The following four factors were found to be significant Price Consciousness, Convenience and Variety, Easy Payment options and Challenges of Online Shopping. Most of the consumers prefer to buy some selected products online becaus e they will get heavy discounts in comparison to store purchases. Also, the consumers feels that there are good websites available which can be trusted for purchases.The consumers perceive that shopping online gives them larger options to choose from. Shopping online is very convenient as one has to just open a laptop or PC to shop rather then getting ready and pass through rush hour traffics. Shopping online saves time and money along with lesser effort is required in comparison to store purchases. Consumers feel that carrying cash or credit cards all the way to the store is meaning less if one can purchase the same product from their home. The educated consumers are aware of the buying procedures online which they feel are pretty simple.The only worry of consumers is regarding the trustworthiness of some websites, since they have to give their credit card details to shop online. Many of the consumers are aware of the various online scams due to which they are very concerned and re luctant while providing their credit card information online. Also the online purchases take a longer time in shipments and deliveries. The psychology of an Indian consumer is still the same of checking the product physically before purchasing it, which creates a mental hurdle for online shopping. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6Page www. ijmit. com